ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION@#Chest physiotherapy (CPT) may benefit children aged below five years who suffer from lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). However, its effects depend on the technique used. This study aimed to determine whether mechanical CPT using the LEGA-Kid® mechanical percussion device is superior to manual CPT in children with LRTI.@*METHODS@#Children aged five months to five years who were admitted and referred for CPT from January to April 2017 were randomised to either manual CPT or mechanical CPT with LEGA-Kid. Outcomes measured before intervention and two hours after intervention were respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation and modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (mRDAI) score.@*RESULTS@#All 30 enrolled patients showed significant reduction in post-intervention RR and mRDAI scores. There was an 8% reduction in RR for the manual CPT group (p = 0.002) and a 16.5% reduction in the mechanical CPT group (p = 0.0001), with a significantly greater reduction in the latter (p = 0.024). mRDAI scores decreased by 2.96 in the manual group (p = 0.0001) and 3.62 in the mechanical group (p = 0.002), with no significant difference between the groups. There was no significant improvement in oxygen saturation, and no adverse events were observed after CPT.@*CONCLUSION@#Children receiving both manual and mechanical CPT showed improvements in respiratory distress symptoms, with no adverse effects. A combined strategy of nebulised hypertonic saline followed by CPT for LRTI removes airway secretions and results in improvements in moderately severe respiratory distress. The LEGA-Kid mechanical CPT method is superior to manual CPT in reducing the RR.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Percussion/methods , Physical Therapy Modalities , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Respiratory Tract Infections , Single-Blind MethodABSTRACT
RESUMO A história natural da doença e o tratamento de pacientes após a COVID-19 ainda se apresentam em construção. Os sintomas são persistentes, mesmo em casos leves, e as consequências decorrentes da infecção incluem fadiga, dispneia, taquicardia, perda de massa muscular e diminuição da capacidade funcional. Sobre a reabilitação cardiopulmonar, parece haver melhora na capacidade funcional, na qualidade de vida e no prognóstico com o Teste da Caminhada de 6 Minutos, sendo este utilizado como avaliador prognóstico e terapêutico. Assim, o objetivo deste relato de casos é descrever a experiência de quatro casos, de diferentes gravidades, que realizaram um programa de reabilitação cardiopulmonar pós-COVID-19, avaliados com Teste da Caminhada de 6 Minutos, força muscular periférica e duplo produto em repouso, para verificar o efeito da reabilitação após 3 meses de protocolo de, no mínimo, 300 minutos por semana. Os quatro casos apresentaram aumento da distância percorrida no teste da caminhada entre 16% e 94%. Houve aumento da força muscular periférica em 20% até seis vezes seu valor inicial, e a redução do duplo produto em repouso variou entre 8% e 42%. O programa de reabilitação cardiopulmonar apresentou impacto positivo nos casos acompanhados, com melhora da capacidade funcional, mesmo com a variabilidade da gravidade dos casos pós-COVID-19.
ABSTRACT The natural history of the disease, and the treatment of post-COVID-19 patients, are still being built. Symptoms are persistent, even in mild cases, and the infection consequences include fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, muscle loss, and reduced functional capacity. Regarding cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, there seems to be an improvement in functional capacity, quality of life, and prognosis with the 6-Minute Walk Test used as a prognostic and therapeutic evaluator. Therefore, this case series report aims to present our experience with four cases of different severity levels, involved in a post-COVID-19 cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program. These patients were assessed with the 6-Minute Walk Test, peripheral muscle strength, and double product at rest, to assess the results after a three-month rehabilitation protocol of at least 300 minutes per week. The four patients had their distance covered during the walk test increased between 16% and 94%. Peripheral muscle strength was improved by 20% to six times the baseline values, and double product at rest was reduced by 8% to 42%. The cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program had a positive impact on these cases, improving functional capacity despite the different severity levels in these post-COVID-19 cases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Dyspnea/rehabilitation , Muscle Strength , Fatigue/rehabilitation , Walk Test , Cardiac Rehabilitation/methods , COVID-19/rehabilitation , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Breathing Exercises/methods , COVID-19/complicationsABSTRACT
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common neuromuscular diseases. Its evolution with well-defined stages related to motor and functional alterations, allows easily establishing relationships with respiratory function through a simple laboratory assessment including vital capacity (VC) measurements as well as peak cough flows. Without any treatment with respiratory rehabilitation, the main cause of morbidity and mortality is ventilatory failure, secondary to respiratory pump muscles weakness and inefficient cough. The VC plateau is reached during the non-ambulatory stages, generally after 13 years old. Respiratory rehabilitation protocols, including air stacking techniques, manual and mechanical assisted coughing and non-invasive ventilatory support, can effectively addressed the VC decline as well as the decrease in peak cough flows, despite advancing to stages with practically non-existent lung capacity. Non-invasive ventilatory support may be applied after 19 years old, initially at night and then extending it during the day. In this way, survival is prolonged, with good quality of life, avoiding ventilatory failure, endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy. This article proposes staggered interventions for respiratory rehabilitation based on the functional stages expected in the patient with DMD who has lost ambulation.
La distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) es una de las enfermedades neuromusculares más frecuentes. Su curso evolutivo con etapas de declinación en la funcionalidad motora bien definidas, permite fácilmente establecer relaciones con la función respiratoria a través de un laboratorio de evaluación sencilla, básicamente de la capacidad vital (CV) y la capacidad tusígena. Sin intervenciones en rehabilitación respiratoria, la principal causa de morbimortalidad es la insuficiencia ventilatoria secundaria a debilidad de músculos de la bomba respiratoria e ineficiencia de la tos. En las etapas no ambulantes, se alcanza la meseta de la CV, generalmente después de los 13 años, su declinación junto con la disminución de la capacidad tusígena puede ser enfrentada efectivamente con la utilización de protocolos de rehabilitación respiratoria. Estos deben considerar la restitución de la CV con técnicas de insuflación activa o apilamiento de aire, tos asistida manual y mecánica, más soporte ventilatorio no invasivo, inicialmente nocturno después de los 19 años y luego diurno, pese a avanzar a etapas con capacidad pulmonar prácticamente inexistente. De esta manera, se prolonga la sobrevida, con buena calidad de vida, evitando el fallo ventilatorio, eventos de intubación endotraqueal y traqueostomía. Este artículo, hace propuestas escalonadas de intervención en rehabilitación respiratoria basadas en las etapas funcionales esperables en el paciente con DMD que ha perdido la capacidad de marcha.
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/rehabilitation , Scoliosis/rehabilitation , Vital Capacity , Noninvasive VentilationABSTRACT
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a disease of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, which causes muscle weakness that leads to a progressive decrease in vital capacity and diminished cough flows. Respiratory morbidity and mortality are a function of the degree of respiratory and bulbar-innervated muscle. The former can be quantitated by the sequential evaluation of vital capacity to determine the lifetime maximum (plateau) and its subsequent rate of decline, progressing to ventilatory failure. SMA types 1 and 2 benefit from non-invasive respiratory care in early childhood and school age, improving quality and life expectancy. This document synthesizes these recommendations with special reference to interventions guided by stages that include air stacking, assisted cough protocols, preparation for spinal arthrodesis and non-invasive ventilatory support, even in those patients with loss of respiratory autonomy, minimizing the risk tracheostomy. Failure to consider these recommendations in the regular assessment of patients reduces the offer of timely treatments.
La Atrofia Muscular Espinal (AME) es una enfermedad genética del asta anterior de la medula espinal, que cursa con debilidad muscular progresiva. La intensidad y precocidad de la debilidad muscular presenta diferentes grados de afectación de los grupos musculares respiratorios, determinando la meseta en la capacidad vital y progresión a la insuficiencia ventilatoria, como también el compromiso de los músculos inervados bulbares. Los AME tipo 1 y 2, se benefician con cuidados respiratorios no invasivos en la infancia temprana y edad escolar, mejorando la calidad y esperanza de vida. Este documento sintetiza dichas recomendaciones, con especial referencia a intervenciones guiadas por etapas, que incluyan apilamiento de aire, protocolos de tos asistida, preparación para la artrodesis de columna y soporte ventilatorio no invasivo, incluso en aquellos pacientes con pérdida de la autonomía respiratoria, minimizando el riesgo de traqueostomía. La no consideración de estas recomendaciones en la valoración regular de los pacientes resta la oferta de tratamientos oportunos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/therapy , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/physiopathology , Vital Capacity/physiology , Noninvasive VentilationABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Techniques for lung expansion seem to benefit patients with drained and undrained pleural effusion, but there is a lack of evidence to indicate which technique is best in each situation. Currently, the therapeutic choices of respiratory physiotherapists serving this population are not known. Objective: To know which lung expansion techniques are chosen by chest physiotherapists who assist patients with drained and non-drained pleural effusion. Method: Through the announcement of the Federal Council, 232 physiotherapists who work in hospitals in Brazil were questioned about which techniques they apply to patients with drained and non-drained effusion. Results: Initially, 512 were questioned but 232 (45.3%) answered. The physiotherapists associate more than one technique of lung expansion in both types of patients, besides walking. Deep breathing is the most used technique in patients with drained (92%) and non-drained (77%) pleural effusion. Positive pressure exercises in the airways are chosen by 60% of the physiotherapists to treat patients with drained pleural effusion and by 34% to treat patients with non-drained pleural effusion. Yet the incentive spirometry are used with 66% of patients with drained pleural effusion and 42% with non-drained ones. Conclusion: Deep breathing is the most applied lung expansion technique in the treatment of patients with drained and non-drained pleural effusion by chest physiotherapists. In addition, there is association between greatest degree and time of professional performance and the chosen techniques.
Resumo Introdução: Técnicas para expansão pulmonar parecem beneficiar pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado, porém há falta de evidências para indicar qual é a melhor técnica em cada situação. Atualmente, as escolhas terapêuticas dos fisioterapeutas respiratórios que atendem essa população não são conhecidas. Objetivo: Conhecer as técnicas de expansão pulmonar escolhidas pelos fisioterapeutas respiratórios que atendem pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado. Método: Por meio do anúncio do Conselho Federal, 232 fisioterapeutas que trabalham em hospitais no Brasil foram questionados sobre quais técnicas se aplicam a pacientes com derrame drenado e não drenado. Resultados: Inicialmente, 512 foram questionados, mas 232 (45,3%) responderam. Os fisioterapeutas associam mais de uma técnica de expansão pulmonar em ambos os tipos de pacientes, além de deambular. A respiração profunda é a técnica mais utilizada em pacientes com derrame pleural drenado (92%) e não drenado (77%). Exercícios de pressão positiva nas vias aéreas são escolhidos por 60% dos fisioterapeutas para tratar pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e por 34% para pacientes com derrame pleural não drenado. A espirometria de incentivo é utilizada com 66% dos pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e 42% com não drenado. Conclusão: A respiração profunda é a técnica de expansão pulmonar mais aplicada no tratamento de pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado por fisioterapeutas respiratórios. Além disso, há associação entre maior titulação e tempo de atuação profissional e as técnicas escolhidas.
Resumen Introducción: Técnicas para expansión pulmonar parecen beneficiar a pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado, pero hay falta de evidencias para indicar cuál es la mejor técnica en cada situación. Actualmente, las opciones terapéuticas de los fisioterapeutas respiratorios que atienden a esa población, no son conocidas. Objetivo: Conocer las técnicas de expansión pulmonar elegidas por los fisioterapeutas respiratorios que atienden pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado. Método: A través del anuncio del Consejo Federal, 232 fisioterapeutas que trabajan en hospitales en Brasil fueron cuestionados sobre qué técnicas se aplican a pacientes con derrame drenado y no drenado. Resultados: Inicialmente, 512 fueron cuestionados, pero 232 (45,3%) respondieron. Los fisioterapeutas asocian más de una técnica de expansión pulmonar en ambos tipos de pacientes, además de deambular. La respiración profunda es la técnica más utilizada en pacientes con derrame pleural drenado (92%) y no drenado (77%). Los ejercicios de presión positiva en las vías aéreas son elegidos por el 60% de los fisioterapeutas para tratar a pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y por el 34% para pacientes con derrame pleural no drenado. La espirometría de incentivo se utiliza con el 66% de los pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y el 42% con no drenado. Conclusión: La respiración profunda es la técnica de expansión pulmonar más aplicada en el tratamiento de pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado por fisioterapeutas respiratorios. Además, hay asociación entre mayor titulación y tiempo de actuación profesional y las técnicas elegidas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pleural Effusion , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Physical Therapy Modalities , Physical TherapistsABSTRACT
Some patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) present with severe acute respiratory syndrome, which causes multiple organ dysfunction, besides dysfunction of the respiratory system, that requires invasive procedures. On the basis of the opinions of front-line experts and a review of the relevant literature on several topics, we proposed clinical practice recommendations on the following aspects for physiotherapists facing challenges in treating patients and containing virus spread: 1. personal protective equipment, 2. conventional chest physiotherapy, 3. exercise and early mobilization, 4. oxygen therapy, 5. nebulizer treatment, 6. non-invasive ventilation and high-flow nasal oxygen, 7. endotracheal intubation, 8. protective mechanical ventilation, 9. management of mechanical ventilation in severe and refractory cases of hypoxemia, 10. prone positioning, 11. cuff pressure, 12. tube and nasotracheal suction, 13. humidifier use for ventilated patients, 14. methods of weaning ventilated patients and extubation, and 15. equipment and hand hygiene. These recommendations can serve as clinical practice guidelines for physiotherapists. This article details the development of guidelines on these aspects for physiotherapy of patients with COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Physical Therapy Modalities , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Coronavirus , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Respiration, Artificial , Brazil , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Physical Therapists , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a rare autosomal recessive disease with compromised mucociliary drainage. Among the most commonly recommended non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies are secretion drainage techniques. However, the evidence for the use and effectiveness of these techniques is low, and they are generally based on extrapolated evidence of cystic fibrosis. This article reviews the recommendations and available evidence of chest physiotherapy, mainly manual and instrumental techniques of bronchial drainage and physical exercise in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
La disquinesia ciliar primaria es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva rara con compromiso del drenaje mucociliar. Entre las estrategias terapéuticas no farmacológicas más comúnmente recomendadas se encuentra las técnicas de drenaje de secreciones. Sin embargo, la evidencia del uso y efectividad de estas técnicas es reducida y generalmente se basan en evidencia extrapolada de la fibrosis quística. Este artículo revisa las recomendaciones y la evidencia disponible de la kinesiología respiratoria, principalmente las técnicas manuales e instrumentales de drenaje bronquial y el ejercicio físico en niños con disquinesia ciliar primaria.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child , Adult , Pneumonia/therapy , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Kartagener Syndrome/diagnosis , Physical Therapy Modalities , Exercise/physiology , Drainage/instrumentation , Bodily SecretionsABSTRACT
Resumen: La atrofia muscular espinal (AME) es la enfermedad genética mortal más frecuente en lactantes, con severidad variable. Se clasifica en cuatro subtipos: tipo 0 de inicio prenatal y recién nacido ya afecta do, con ausencia de esfuerzo respiratorio y ningún desarrollo motor, tipo 1 de inicio en menores de 3 meses que no logran sentarse, tipo 2 que logran sentarse, pero no caminar y tipo 3 que consiguen caminar. La causa más seria de morbimortalidad es la neumonía y la insuficiencia respiratoria. La información a los cuidadores debe contemplarse desde el diagnóstico, para la toma de decisiones anticipadas. Los objetivos del manejo incluyen el estímulo de la tos, evitar la deformación de la caja torácica, la hipoventilación, y tratar oportunamente las infecciones respiratorias, el trastorno de de glución, el reflujo gastroesofágico y la malnutrición. El objetivo de esta actualización es discutir los nuevos desafíos en cuidados respiratorios con un enfoque preventivo, considerando la reciente dis ponibilidad de tratamientos específicos -oligonucleótidos antisentido nusinersen- y otros que están en desarrollo, incluída la terapia génica.
Abstract: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the first inherited cause of mortality in infants, with four subtypes: SMA0 prenatal onset, SMA1 babies less than 3 months non sitters, SMA2 sitters and SMA3 walkers. Pneumonia and respiratory insufficiency are the most severe complications. Informed parental de cisions are relevant. Respiratory management includes cough assistance, prevention of lung under development due to chest deformity, prompt treatment of respiratory infections, hypoventilation, swallow problems, gastro esophageal reflux and malnutrition. In view of the FDA and EMA approval of the nonsense oligonucleotides nusinersen, the first specific treatment for SMA and the future with gene therapy and others under development, we need to optimize preventive respiratory manage ment with the new standard of care.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood/complications , Treatment Outcome , Combined Modality TherapyABSTRACT
We discuss the general as well as the specific factors influencing this therapy among patients on mechanical ventilation, describing its physical aspects, aerosol generators and some devices available for their application. Recommendations are proposed to increase lung deposition and improve the efficiency and safety of inhalation therapy in children receiving respiratory support.
Se discuten los factores que influyen en la terapia inhalatoria, tanto en general como específicamente para pacientes ventilados, discutiendo los aspectos físicos, los generadores de aerosol y ciertos dispositivos disponibles para su aplicación. Se proponen recomendaciones necesarias para aumentar la fracción de depósito pulmonar y mejorar la eficiencia y seguridad de la terapia inhalatoria en niños que reciben soporte respiratorio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Aerosol Propellants/administration & dosage , Aerosols/administration & dosage , Respiration, Artificial/standards , Nebulizers and VaporizersABSTRACT
Currently, Chilean pediatric intensive care units use non-invasive mechanical ventilation as ventilation support in acute respiratory conditions. However, there are differences in methodology and the number of patients treated annually. These units have a physiotherapist who has progressively incorporated skills related to non-invasive mechanical ventilation application, as well as to other forms of respiratory support and care in general. At present the role of the therapist is fundamental to the ventilatory support of patients with acute respiratory failure
En la actualidad todas las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos nacionales utilizan Ventilación Mecánica no Invasiva como método de soporte ventilatorio en condiciones agudas, no obstante, estas difieren en metodología de aplicación y número de pacientes conectados anualmente. El kinesiólogo que se desempeña como terapeuta respiratorio en estas unidades, ha incorporado de manera progresiva competencias técnicas que lo relacionan con la aplicación de la ventilación no invasiva, así como con otras formas de soporte ventilatorio y cuidados respiratorios en general. Particularmente en ventilación mecánica no invasiva, existe importante dependencia de los cuidados que este profesional puede ofrecer y que son requeridos durante todo el desarrollo de la terapia
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Physical Therapy Modalities , Noninvasive Ventilation/methods , Respiratory Insufficiency/rehabilitation , Acute Disease , Patient Selection , Physical Therapy Specialty/methods , Noninvasive VentilationABSTRACT
Introducción: La bronquiolitis de tipo viral es la patología respiratoria más común en menores de 1 año, siendo el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) el principal agente infeccioso involucrado con cerca del 80% de los casos. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de las diferentes técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria en la reducción del puntaje en la escala de severidad y la mejora de los parámetros fisiológicos en lactantes con bronquiolitis. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos: PEDro, SciELO y Medline. Fueron incluidos ensayos controlados aleatorios con pacientes diagnosticados con bronquiolitis. Se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2006 hasta el 29 de septiembre de 2016, tanto en lengua española como inglesa. La selección de estudios se realizó de manera independiente, no cegada por 2 revisores, y se llevó a cabo una clasificación de los estudios mediante la escala PEDro. Resultados: Se encontraron 140 artículos que potencialmente podrían incluirse a este trabajo. Al determinar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, solo se seleccionaron 10 artículos para su análisis. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia moderada a favor del uso de la nebulización hipertónica al 3% en lactantes con bronquiolitis para disminuir la estancia hospitalaria y la puntuación de severidad; evidencia moderada a favor del uso de técnicas de modificaciones de flujo espiratorio en lactantes con bronquiolitis para disminuir la puntuación de severidad y evidencia moderada en contra del uso de las técnicas de percusión y vibraciones para disminuir la estancia hospitalaria y puntuación de la severidad (AU).
Introduction: The bronchiolitis of viral guy is the respiratory pathology more common in under 1 year, being the respiratory syncytial virus (VRS) the main infectious implicated agent with close to 80 % of the cases. Objective: To determine the efficacy of the different Chest physiotherapy in reducing the score on the severity scale and improving the physiological parameters in infants with bronchiolitis. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out in the databases PEDro, Scielo and Medline. We included controlled, randomized trials with patients diagnosed with bronchiolitis. We chose articles published in the period from January 1st 2006 and September 29, 2016, both in Spanish and in English. The studies compilation was performed in an independent way, not blinded by 2 reviewers, and the studies were classified using the PEDro scale. Results: We found 140 articles that potentially might be included in this work. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 10 articles were chosen for the analysis. Conclusions: There is moderate evidence in favor of the use of nebulized 3% hypertonic in infants with bronchiolitis to reduce hospital stay and severity score; moderate evidence in favor of the use of expiratory flow modification techniques in infants with bronchiolitis to decrease the severity score and moderate evidence against the use of percussion and vibrations techniques to decrease hospital stay and severity score (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Bronchiolitis, Viral/therapy , Physical Therapy Modalities/standards , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Respiratory Tract Diseases/rehabilitation , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Bronchiolitis, Viral/rehabilitation , Bronchiolitis, Viral/epidemiology , Observational Studies as Topic , InfantABSTRACT
La kinesiterapia respiratoria, es una especialidad terapéutica que tiene el rol principal de prevenir y tratar las complicaciones pulmonares de forma sencilla, sin incorporar recursos sofisticados en su ejecución. Su objetivo es optimizar la función respiratoria para lograr un adecuado intercambio de gases y mejorar la relación ventilación perfusión. Para esto se efectuan maniobras de permeabilización bronquiales, que cobran especial valor en la infancia, dado que este grupo etáreo, presenta mayor producción de secreciones y una VA de conducción muy estrecha, ambos elementos predisponen a obstrucciones que deben ser manejadas cuando se amerite. La kinesiterapia, también incluye otras técnicas como ejercicios respiratorios, movilización, posicionamientos, maniobras de reexpansión pulmonar asociados con dispositivos especialmente adaptados para este objetivo. En este escrito, se dan las bases de esta terapia física, con énfasis en la edad pediátrica, junto a la descripción global y específica de las principales técnicas, que el pediatra debiese conocer.
Chest physioterapy is a therapeutic specialty that aims to prevent and treat lung complications without adding sophisticated resources for his execution as its main role. Its goal is to optimize the pulmonary function to achieve appropriate gaseous exchange and to improve ventilation/perfusion ratio. To this end airway clearance techniques are performed, these techniques are of special value during childhood, since this age group present higher quantities of secretions and very narrow conducting airways, both elements predispose to obstructions that must be handle if the case merits. Chest physioterapy also include others techniques as deep breathing, early movilizations, lung recruitment maneuvers with specially adapted devices. This paper set the stage of this pshysical therapy with emphasis in pediatric age, adding a global and specific description of the main techniques that the pediatritian should know.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Breathing Exercises , Physical Therapy Modalities , Drainage, PosturalABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as repercussões da hiperinsuflação manual, realizada com ressuscitador manual com e sem válvula de pressão positiva expiratória final, sobre a função respiratória de recém-nascidos pré-termo em ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Estudo transversal com recém-nascidos pré-termo com idade gestacional inferior a 32 semanas, em ventilação mecânica e dependentes desta aos 28 dias de vida, estáveis hemodinamicamente. A hiperinsuflação manual foi aplicada de forma randomizada, alternando o uso ou não uso da válvula de pressão positiva expiratória final, seguida de aspiração intratraqueal finalizando a manobra. Para os dados nominais, foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon com hipótese bilateral ao nível de significância de 5% e poder de teste de 80%. Resultados: Foram estudados 28 recém-nascidos pré-termo com peso médio de nascimento 1.005,71 ± 372.16g, idade gestacional média 28,90 ± 1,79 semanas, idade corrigida média de 33,26 ± 1,78 semanas, tempo médio de ventilação mecânica de 29,5 (15 - 53) dias. Ocorreu aumento dos volumes inspiratório e expiratório entre os momentos A5 (antes da manobra) e C1 (imediatamente após aspiração intratraqueal) tanto na manobra com válvula (p = 0,001 e p = 0,009) como sem válvula (p = 0,026 e p = 0,001), respectivamente. Também houve aumento da resistência expiratória entre os momentos A5 e C1 com p = 0,044. Conclusão: Os volumes pulmonares aumentaram na manobra com e sem válvula, havendo diferença significativa no primeiro minuto após a aspiração. Houve diferença significativa na resistência expiratória entre os momentos A5 (antes da manobra) e C1 (imediatamente após aspiração intratraqueal) no primeiro minuto após a aspiração dentro de cada manobra.
ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the effects of manual hyperinflation, performed with a manual resuscitator with and without the positive end-expiratory pressure valve, on the respiratory function of preterm newborns under mechanical ventilation. Methods: Cross-sectional study of hemodynamically stable preterm newborns with gestational age of less than 32 weeks, under mechanical ventilation and dependent on it at 28 days of life. Manual hyperinflation was applied randomly, alternating the use or not of the positive end-expiratory pressure valve, followed by tracheal aspiration for ending the maneuver. For nominal data, the two-tailed Wilcoxon test was applied at the 5% significance level and 80% power. Results: Twenty-eight preterm newborns, with an average birth weight of 1,005.71 ± 372.16g, an average gestational age of 28.90 ± 1.79 weeks, an average corrected age of 33.26 ± 1.78 weeks, and an average mechanical ventilation time of 29.5 (15 - 53) days, were studied. Increases in inspiratory and expiratory volumes occurred between time-points A5 (before the maneuver) and C1 (immediately after tracheal aspiration) in both the maneuver with the valve (p = 0.001 and p = 0.009) and without the valve (p = 0.026 and p = 0.001), respectively. There was also an increase in expiratory resistance between time-points A5 and C1 (p = 0.044). Conclusion: Lung volumes increased when performing the maneuver with and without the valve, with a significant difference in the first minute after aspiration. There was a significant difference in expiratory resistance between the time-points A5 (before the maneuver) and C1 (immediately after tracheal aspiration) in the first minute after aspiration within each maneuver.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods , Lung/metabolism , Time Factors , Infant, Premature , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Lung Volume MeasurementsABSTRACT
Introdução: Técnicas respiratórias são fundamentais no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca a fim de reduzir complicações pós-operatórias. Objetivos: Comparar duas técnicas de fisioterapia respiratória no clearance mucociliar, força muscular respiratória e obstrução de vias aéreas após cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Foram avaliados 32 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, alocados para o grupo respiração por pressão positiva intermitente ou para o grupo exercício de respiração profunda. As avaliações foram compostas de: força muscular respiratória (pressão expiratória máxima e da pressão inspiratória máxima), pico de fluxo respiratório e clearance mucociliar (através do teste do tempo de transito da sacarina, expresso em minutos); e realizadas em três momentos: pré-operatório e pós-operatório antes e após a aplicação das técnicas. Resultados: Na análise do transporte mucociliar, força muscular respiratória e pico de fluxo expiratório, a comparação entre os momentos antes e após a aplicação das técnicas não apresentaram diferenças significativas (transporte mucociliar: p = 0,3844, Pimáx p = 0,2244; Pemáx p = 0,4968; Peak flow p = 0,8383). Nas análises individuais de cada grupo, puderam ser observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis de força muscular respiratória e pico de fluxo expiratório (p<0.0001). Conclusão: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as técnicas, porém foram eficientes no clearance mucociliar, força muscular e pico de fluxo expiratório quando avaliadas separadamente.
Introduction: Respiratory techniques are fundamental in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery in order to reduce postoperative complications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare two techniques of respiratory physiotherapy in mucociliary clearance, respiratory muscle strength and airway obstruction after cardiac surgery. Methods: Thirty-two patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were assigned to the intermittent positive pressure group or to the deep breathing exercise group. The evaluations were composed of: respiratory muscle strength (maximal expiratory pressure and maximal inspiratory pressure), peak respiratory flow and mucociliary clearance (through the saccharine transit time test, expressed in minutes); And performed in three moments: preoperative and postoperative before and after the application of the techniques. Results: In the analysis of mucociliary transport, respiratory muscle strength and peak expiratory flow, the comparison between the moments before and after the application of the techniques did not present significant differences (mucociliary transport: p = 0.3844, Pimax p = 0.2244; = 0.4968; Peak flow p = 0.8383). In the individual analyzes of each group, significant differences were observed in the variables of respiratory muscle strength and peak expiratory flow (p <0.0001). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the techniques, but were efficient in mucociliary clearance, muscle strength and peak expiratory flow when evaluated separately.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Myocardial Revascularization/rehabilitation , Peak Expiratory Flow Rate , Mucociliary Clearance , Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic , Airway Obstruction/prevention & control , Noninvasive VentilationABSTRACT
Objective : To evaluate the level of self-reported adherence to physical therapy recommendations in pediatric patients (6-17 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to ascertain whether the different levels of adherence correlate with pulmonary function, clinical aspects, and quality of life. Methods : This was a cross-sectional study. The patients and their legal guardians completed a questionnaire regarding adherence to physical therapy recommendations and a CF quality of life questionnaire. We collected demographic, spirometric, and bacteriological data, as well as recording the frequency of hospitalizations and Shwachman-Kulczycki (S-K) clinical scores. Results : We included 66 patients in the study. Mean age, FEV1 (% of predicted), and BMI were 12.2 ± 3.2 years, 90 ± 24%, and 18.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2, respectively. The patients were divided into two groups: high-adherence (n = 39) and moderate/poor-adherence (n = 27). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups regarding age, gender, family income, and total S-K clinical scores. There were statistically significant differences between the high-adherence group and the moderate/poor-adherence group, the latter showing lower scores for the "radiological findings" domain of the S-K clinical score (p = 0.030), a greater number of hospitalizations (p = 0.004), and more days of hospitalization in the last year (p = 0.012), as well as lower scores for the quality of life questionnaire domains emotion (p = 0.002), physical (p = 0.019), treatment burden (p < 0.001), health perceptions (p = 0.036), social (p = 0.039), and respiratory (p = 0.048). Conclusions : Low self-reported adherence to physical therapy recommendations was associated with worse radiological findings, a greater number of hospitalizations, and decreased quality of life in pediatric CF patients.
Objetivo : Avaliar o grau de adesão autorrelatada às recomendações fisioterapêuticas em pacientes pediátricos (6-17 anos) com fibrose cística (FC) e determinar se os diferentes níveis de adesão se correlacionam com a função pulmonar, aspectos clínicos e qualidade de vida. Métodos : Estudo transversal no qual os pacientes e responsáveis responderam um questionário sobre a adesão à fisioterapia recomendada e um questionário da qualidade de vida em FC. Foram coletados dados demográficos, espirométricos e bacteriológicos, assim como a frequência de internações e resultados do escore clínico de Shwachman-Kulczycki (S-K). Resultados : Participaram 66 pacientes. As médias de idade, VEF1 (em % do previsto) e IMC foram, respectivamente, 12,2 ± 3,2 anos, 90 ± 24% e 18,3 ± 2,5 kg/m2. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: alta adesão (n = 39) e moderada/baixa adesão (n = 27). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas para idade, sexo, renda familiar e escore clínico de S-K total na comparação dos dois grupos. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos alta adesão e moderada/baixa adesão, este último mostrando valores significativamente menores para o domínio "achados radiológicos" do escore clínico de S-K apresentou (p = 0,030), um maior número de hospitalizações (p = 0,004) e de dias de internação no último ano (p = 0,012), assim como menores escores para os seguintes domínios do questionário de qualidade de vida: emocional (p = 0,002), físico (p = 0,019), tratamento (p < 0,001), saúde (p = 0,036), social (p = 0,039) e respiratório (p = 0,048). Conclusões : A baixa adesão autorrelatada às recomendações fisioterapêuticas associou-se com piores achados radiológicos, maior número de hospitalizações e diminuição da qualidade de vida em pacientes pediátricos com FC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Cystic Fibrosis/therapy , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Therapy/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Self Report , Spirometry , Statistics, Nonparametric , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neuromuscular disease, resulting in respiratory muscle weakness, reduced pulmonary volumes, ineffective cough, secretion retention, and respiratory failure. Measures as vital capacity, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, cough peak flow and pulse oximetry are recommended to monitor the respiratory function. The patients should be followed up by a multidisciplinary team, focused in improving the quality of life and deal with the respiratory symptoms. The respiratory care approach includes airway clearance techniques, mechanically assisted cough and noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Vaccination and respiratory pharmacological support are also recommended. To date, there is no enough evidence supporting the inspiratory muscle training and diaphragmatic pacing.
Esclerose lateral amiotrófica é uma doença neuromuscular progressiva que resulta em fraqueza muscular, redução dos volumes pulmonares, tosse ineficaz, retenção de secreção e insuficiência respiratória. Medidas como a capacidade vital, pressão inspiratória e pressão expiratória máximas, pressão inspiratória máxima nasal, pico de fluxo de tosse e oximetria de pulso são recomendados para monitorar a função respiratória. Os pacientes devem ser acompanhados por uma equipe multidisciplinar, buscando melhorias na qualidade de vida e melhores estratégias para lidar com os sintomas respiratórios. A abordagem de cuidados respiratórios inclui técnicas de desobstrução das vias respiratórias, tosse assistida mecanicamente e ventilação mecânica não invasiva. Vacinação e suporte farmacológico também são recomendados. Até o momento, não existem provas suficientes que suportam o treinamento muscular inspiratório e a estimulação diafragmática.
Subject(s)
Humans , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology , Muscle Strength , Muscle Weakness/physiopathology , Pulmonary Gas Exchange , Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology , SpirometryABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate self-esteem and self-image of respiratory diseases patients in a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program, who participated in socialization and physical fitness activities, and of patients who participated only in physical fitness sessions. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional exploratory study. Out of a total of 60 patients analyzed, all enrolled in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program, 42 participated in at least one of the proposed activities, 10 did not participate in any activity and 8 were excluded (7 were discharged and 1 died). Results When the two groups were compared, despite the fact that both demonstrated low self-esteem and self-image, the difference between them was relevant (p<0.05) regarding self-esteem, indicating that those who participated in the proposed socialization activities had better self-esteem than the individuals who only did the physical fitness sessions. Regarding self-image, the difference between the groups was not relevant (p>0.05). Conclusion The Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program patients evaluated presented low self-esteem and self-image; however, those carrying out some socialization activity proposed had better self-esteem as compared to the individuals who did only the physical fitness sessions. .
Objetivo Avaliar a autoestima e a autoimagem de pacientes com doenças respiratórias de um Programa de Reabilitação Pulmonar, que participaram de atividades de socialização e de treinamento físico e de pacientes que participaram apenas de treinamentos físicos. Métodos Estudo exploratório descritivo e transversal. Foram analisados 60 pacientes, todos inclusos em um Programa de Reabilitação Pulmonar. Destes, 42 participaram de pelo menos uma das atividades propostas, 10 não participaram das atividades e 8 foram excluídos (7 tiveram alta e 1 faleceu), não respondendo ao questionário de autoimagem e autoestima. Resultados Quando comparados os dois grupos, apesar de ambos terem apresentado autoestima e autoimagem baixas, a diferença entre eles foi significativa (p<0,05) com relação à autoestima: aqueles que participaram de atividades de socialização propostas pela equipe tiveram autoestima melhor que a dos sujeitos que participam apenas do treinamento físico. Já quanto à autoimagem, a diferença entre os grupos não foi significativa (p>0,05). Conclusão Os pacientes do Programa de Reabilitação Pulmonar avaliados apresentaram baixas autoestima e autoimagem, porém aqueles que realizaram alguma atividade de socialização proposta tiveram a autoestima maior comparada à dos que fizeram apenas o treinamento físico. .
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/rehabilitation , Physical Fitness/physiology , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Self Concept , Socialization , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise/physiology , Leisure Activities , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/psychology , Physical Fitness/psychology , Respiratory Therapy/psychology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Cough is a natural reflex that protects respiratory airways against infections or mucus retention. Cough maintains an adequate cleaning of the airways and is a mainstay of respiratory therapy. It can be triggered voluntarily by the patient or by a specific cough device. Peak cough flow (PCF) is used to assess the effectiveness of the cough. When this value is below 160 L/min, cough is considered inefficient and becomes a risk factor for respiratory problems. Patients with weak cough, especially those with neuromuscular disease, have in common a low tidal volume and a decreased maximum insufflation capacity. Both factors directly affect the inspiratory phase previous to cough, which is considered vital to obtain the optimum flow for a productive cough. Different therapeutic measures may help to increase cough efficiency among patients with cough weakness. These interventions may be performed using manual techniques or by mechanical devices. The aim of this review is to analyze the different techniques available for cough assistance, set a hierarchy of use and establish a scientific basis for their application in clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cough , Neuromuscular Diseases/complications , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Insufflation/methods , Mucus , Neuromuscular Diseases/physiopathology , Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Respiration Disorders/rehabilitation , Respiratory Muscles/physiopathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate inhaler technique in outpatients with asthma and to determine associations between the correctness of that technique and the level of asthma control. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving patients > 14 years of age with physician-diagnosed asthma. The patients were recruited from the Asthma Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The patients completed two questionnaires (a general questionnaire and an asthma control questionnaire based on the 2011 Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines), demonstrated their inhaler technique, and performed pulmonary function tests. Incorrect inhaler technique was defined as the incorrect execution of at least two of the predefined steps. RESULTS: We included 268 patients. Of those, 81 (30.2%) showed incorrect inhaler technique, which was associated with poor asthma control (p = 0.002). Logistic regression analysis identified the following factors associated with incorrect inhaler technique: being widowed (OR = 5.01; 95% CI, 1.74-14.41; p = 0.003); using metered dose inhalers (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.35-1.85; p < 0.001); having a monthly family income < 3 times the minimum wage (OR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.35-1.85; p = 0.008), and having > 2 comorbidities (OR = 3.80; 95% CI, 1.03-14.02; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: In the sample studied, incorrect inhaler technique was associated with poor asthma control. Widowhood, use of metered dose inhalers, low socioeconomic level, and the presence of > 2 comorbidities were associated with incorrect inhaler technique. .
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a técnica inalatória em pacientes com asma atendidos ambulatorialmente, estabelecendo associações dessa com o grau de controle da doença. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes com idade > 14 anos e diagnóstico médico de asma, recrutados no Ambulatório de Asma do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS). Os pacientes completaram dois questionários (um geral e um questionário de controle da asma baseado nas diretrizes da Global Initiative for Asthma de 2011). Os pacientes demonstraram a técnica inalatória e realizaram testes de função pulmonar. A técnica inalatória incorreta foi definida como a execução incorreta de pelo menos duas etapas da avaliação. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 268 pacientes. Desses, 81 (30,2%) apresentaram técnica inalatória incorreta, que foi associada com falta de controle da asma (p = 0,002). A regressão logística identificou os seguintes fatores associados com a técnica inalatória incorreta: ser viúvo (OR = 5,01; IC95%, 1,74-14,41; p = 0,003); utilizar inalador pressurizado (OR = 1,58; IC95%, 1,35-1,85; p < 0,001); ter renda familiar mensal < 3 salários mínimos (OR = 2,67; IC95%, 1,35-1,85; p = 0,008); e ter > 2 comorbidades (OR = 3,80; IC95%, 1,03-14,02; p = 0,045). CONCLUSÕES: Na amostra estudada, a técnica inalatória incorreta se associou com a falta de controle da asma. Viuvez, uso de inalador pressurizado, baixo nível socioeconômico e presença de > 2 comorbidades se associaram à técnica inalatória incorreta. .
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Asthma/physiopathology , Asthma/therapy , Nebulizers and Vaporizers , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory Therapy/instrumentation , Severity of Illness Index , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Introdução: A desobstrução rinofaríngea retrógrada (DRR) é uma técnica de fisioterapia respiratória aplicada em lactentes para desobstrução de vias aéreas superiores, podendo, inclusive, ser associada à irrigação nasal com salina isotônica para remoção de muco viscoso aderido às paredes das vias aéreas. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil de motociclistas profissionais expostos à poluição urbana no que se refere a transporte mucociliar nasal (TMCN), inflamação das vias aéreas superiores e sintomas nasais, e comparar o efeito da DRR isolada e associada à instilação de salina isotônica (DRR+S) nesta população. Métodos: Vinte e quatro voluntários divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (DRR e DRR+S) submeteram-se a 15 dias consecutivos de tratamento. A avaliação basal e a pós-intervenção constituíram-se da análise do teste de trânsito da sacarina, da celularidade total e diferencial do lavado nasal e dos sintomas de vias aéreas superiores por meio do questionário SNOT-20, bem como do estudo da exposição pessoal à poluição do ar, por meio da análise da concentração do NO2 de amostradores passivos. O TMCN foi avaliado pelo teste ANOVA não paramétrico com medidas repetidas e o SNOT-20 pelo teste Mann-Whitney. As correlações entre a concentração de NO2 e os desfechos das vias aéreas superiores foram testadas por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Os grupos apresentaram dados clínicos e demográficos semelhantes. O TMCN apresentou-se alterado em 25% dos voluntários e 100% deles apresentavam sintomas de vias aéreas superiores. Após os tratamentos, os sintomas de vias aéreas e o TMCN evidenciaram melhora significativa, apesar do aumento no número de macrófagos e células ciliadas do lavado nasal. Não houve correlação entre o NO2 e o TMCN, tampouco em relação aos sintomas de vias aéreas superiores. CONCLUSÃO: Técnicas não farmacológicas, simples e de baixo custo são efetivas para recuperar o TMCN alterado e melhorar os sintomas de vias aéreas...
Introduction: Rhinopharyngeal Retrograde Clearance (RRC) is a respiratory therapy technique applied to infants with upper airway obstruction that may also be associated with nasal irrigation with isotonic saline for removal of viscous mucus adhered to the walls of the airways. OBJECTIVE: Characterize the profile of professional motorcycles exposed to urban pollution in relation to the nasal mucociliary transport (NMCT), inflammation of the upper airways and nasal symptoms and compare the effect of DRR alone and associated with instillation of isotonic saline (RCC + S). Methods: Twenty-four volunteers were randomly divided into two groups (RCC and RCC + S) and were submitted to 15 consecutive days of treatment. The baseline and post-intervention consisted of analysis of the transit saccharin test, the total and differential cellularity nasal lavage, and symptoms of upper airway through the SNOT-20, as well as the study of personal exposure to air pollution, by analyzing the concentration of diffuse nitrogen dioxide monitoring system. The NMCT was evaluated with ANOVA for repeated measures and the SNOT-20 with the Mann-Whitney test. The correlations between the concentration of NO2 and the upper airway outcomes were tested using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The groups showed similar demographic and clinical data. The NMCT was abnormal in 25% of the volunteers and 100% of the volunteers had symptoms of upper airways. After treatment the upper airway symptoms and the NMCT showed significant improvement despite the increase in the number of macrophages and ciliated cells on the nasal lavage. No correlation was observed between dioxide nitrogen and TMCN and with the symptoms of the upper airways. Conclusion: Nonpharmacological, simple and inexpensive techniques are effective to treat abnormal NMCT and improve symptoms of upper airway in nonsmoking adults...